Incomplete and Complete Achromatopsia :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Incomplete and Complete Achromatopsia The human eye requires both rods and cones for normal vision. Over 100 million rods are located in the periphery of the human eye, and about 6 million cones compose the fovea. Rods, the more sensitive of the two to light, are not able to differentiate wavelengths, thus cannot detect color, and perceive shades of grey, black, and white. Cones, on the other hand, are of three types, containing particular pigments. They are categorized as red, blue, and green depending on to which wavelength they are most sensitive. These cones are what render color vision to humans. Red-green color blindness is not uncommon in the general population. The unequal crossover in the X-chromosome which causes this disorder is much more easily achieved than the mechanisms which cause other types of color blindness, due to the proximity of the two pigment genes. Five to eight percent of men are affected with this genetic condition, and due to a lacking pigment, have trouble distinguishing between red, green and brown. (1) Blue color blindness, also known as incomplete achromatopsia or blue-cone monochromatism, is an X-linked recessive disorder in which only the blue cones and the rods are functioning properly. A previously proposed theory states that signals from rods travel in the same pathways which carry signals from the blue-cones, making color vision in a blue-cone monochromat impossible. However, current research on blue-cone monochromats shows that signals from some rods and cones may be traveling by separate pathways to where wavelength discrimination takes place, making color vision possible in this type of monochromat, when both rods and blue cones are working simultaneously under twilight conditions. (6,7) Total color blindness, or complete achromatopsia, is an autosomal recessive disorder. (2) This is defined as little or no function of the cone cells, (3) and is somewhat frequent among Moroccan, Iraqi, and Iranian Jews. (7) There is no treatment for this color deficiency, only ways to alleviate its expression. (4) The consequences on the lives of complete achromats are many, and those of children should especially be considered. Many educational materials use different colors to teach. If vowels are red and consonants are black, the two are virtually indiscernible to an achromat (They may be discerned under certain light conditions, a phenomenon known as spectral differentiation). They may also not have yet learned to discern the different shades of grey, and may need help deciphering traffic signals.

DH Lawrence’s The Rocking Horse Winner Essay

Tormented family relationships stem from a number of occurrences. Jealousy, death, abuse, and many other factors can stress relationships to the point of demise. They can often originate from an individual’s character and personality, or further affect it. Much of Lawrence’s writing contains the common theme of tormented family relationships. This theme can be seen in the short story The Rocking-Horse Winner through: â€Å"the terrible mother† Hester, â€Å"the anti-wise man† Oscar Cresswell, and â€Å"the sacrificial scapegoat† Paul. Hester is portrayed as cold and shallow, accurately demonstrating the terrible mother archetype. Thus, she is a perfect example of the theme of tormented family relationships, present in the short story The Rocking-Horse Winner. When the authour describes what, â€Å"Everyone else said of her: ‘She is such a good mother. She adores her children.’ Only she knew herself and her children themselves this was not so† (Lawrence 19). Hester’s character is simply more concerned with wealth and her social image than her own children. She is very corrupted by society, and what society thinks of her. As a result of this, she neglects her children, and pays little attention to their needs. Hester proves to fit the terrible mother archetype, and this shows the present theme of tormented family relationships. Also, Hester’s brother, Oscar Cresswell, advances the theme of tormented relationships by portraying the â€Å"anti-old man† archetype. It is evident that jealousy and family issues are present based on Oscar’s relationships with both his nephew Paul, and his sister Hester. The authour explains, â€Å"The Uncle was delighted to find that his small nephew was posted with all the racing news† (Lawrence 22). Oscar inherited the family fortune, as Hester was left with her husband to depend on. Oscar does make an effort to help Hester’s financial situation, although he is also very concerned with wealth and social status, neglecting to realize the near trouble Paul is faced with. Oscar uses his nephew, by exploiting Paul’s â€Å"gift† for his own personal wealth, while Hester is struggling to meet her own desires. Oscar is portrayed as the opposite of a saviour, and more as a selfish man. This character archetype further proves the theme of tormented family relationships in the story. As well, Paul, Hester’s son and Oscar’s nephew, is the young protagonist, who is searching for â€Å"luck†, but proves to be the â€Å"sacrificial scapegoat†, further proving the present theme. Neglected by his own mother, Paul is desperately trying to get her approval and her love. This is shown in the short story when Paul asks, â€Å"Do you think I’m lucky mother? I knew Malabar, didn’t I? Over eighty thousand pounds! I call that lucky, don’t you mother† (Lawrence 33)? Even on Paul’s deathbed, he is desperately scrambling to finally get his mother’s approval. His luck ran out, and his quest as a hero was not fulfilled. Paul simply wanted to be enough for his mother. To finally prove himself, and win her love. His character can be classified as the â€Å"sacrificial scapegoat† archetype. Paul’s desperate attempt for his mother’s love proves the theme of tormented family relationships present in this story. Through the character archetypes of Hester, Paul, and Oscar Cresswell, the theme of tormented family relationships is proved to be shown in many aspects of the short story The Rocking-Horse Winner. Hester’s lack of care and compassion towards her children, Oscar’s greed, and Paul’s desperate attempt to prove himself to his mother, are only a few examples of this clear theme. This theme is not only present in the story, but in the lives of many. These tormented family relationships are often looked over, rather than interpreted as a part of an individual’s personality.

Oprah Winfrey †the Story of an Entrepreneur - 4292 Words

Oprah Winfrey – The Story of an Entrepreneur â€Å"Oprah Winfrey arguably has more influence on the culture than any university president, politician, political or religious leader, except perhaps the pope.† - Vanity Fair Magazine, in 1994. â€Å"She (Oprah) may be uncomfortable talking about it (money), but when it comes to making it, she sure knows what shes doing.† - Fortune Magazine, in March 2002. THE MAD COW CONTROVERSY – A TALK SHOW QUEEN IN TROUBLE In mid-1996, Oprah Winfrey (Oprah), one of the world’s most well-known media personalities and the host of the ‘Oprah Winfrey Show,’ was entangled in a major controversy. The controversy arose because of statements made by Oprah and Howard Lyman (Lyman, a founder member of the Humane Society†¦show more content†¦Hattie laid the foundation of Oprah’s career when she taught her to read the Bible. At the age of three, Oprah spent hours reading Bible stories to the animals on the farm. Hattie also taught her many lessons about God and faith. These lessons inspired her (at that tender age itself) to become strong and help people in need. She believed that she had a higher calling and she was sent to ‘do good’ to others. Public speaking skills were evident in Oprah right from her childhood. In 1957, at less than four years of age, Oprah recited sermons from the Bible at her local church. Oprah loved the attention and applause she received after her recitals. Oprah was an intelligent child who reportedly asked her teachers to advance her to higher grades. At the age of six, Oprah was sent to live with her father at Nashville, Tennessee. Her father and her stepmother, Zelma, noticed her interest in reading and encouraged her by buying more books. Her voracious reading helped her always stay ahead of her classmates. Later that year, she was sent to her mother in Milwaukee. Oprah led a few painful years of her childhood at her mother’s. 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